This tutorial doesn't cover reasons why you might want to stitch in HDR format. It is a simple HOWTO listing the tools available and how to use them with hugin.

TODO this is all very out of date, hugin now supports HDR assembly internally.

Working with HDR images is fairly extreme behaviour. If you just want higher quality output than you get with typical 8bit photography, then you probably want to look at a 16bit workflow with hugin.

Still here? There are two basic ways of creating an HDR panorama:

Stitch several panoramas of the same scene, each one at a different exposure, and merge them together into a single HDR file.

Create a set of HDR shots of the scene and then stitch them together.

Each has advantages and disadvantages: The first technique is simpler and has the advantage that the final HDR step can be skipped and substituted with a Contrast Blending[*] approach, but has the potential for misalignments causing ghosting[*] problems. The second technique is presented here since it involves a greater range of tools.

Quick and easy technique

The rest of this tutorial describes generating high quality output using command-line tools. However it is now possible to complete the workflow entirely with GUI tools, something like this:

Take bracketed shots of your scene.
Open bracketed images in Hugin. Align - let's say - the middle exposures together and set the stacks in the Images tab.
1. If your stacks don't align (shot hand-held, sloppy panohead, etc.), set some control points inside stacks and align them too.
Stitch the panorama with hugin and enblend to HDR file.
Optionally tonemap the result with qtpfsgui[*].

Laborious and difficult technique

Preparing the HDR images

Unless you have an expensive HDR camera, you will be merging bracketed shots to create the HDR images - Unfortunately this means that you are limited to static scenes and landscapes.

Taking bracketed shots

The number of shots required depends on the dynamic range of the scene you need to capture and the capabilities of your camera.

Many cameras have an auto-bracketing mode that takes three or five shots two stops apart with one press of the button. This may be adequate, though a typical outdoor scene might have a dynamic range of eighteen stops which would require eight shots two stops apart.

Whatever method you choose, it should be obvious that you need a good tripod to keep the camera steady.

Correcting chromatic aberration

Now is a good time to correct chromatic aberration and vignetting with fulla using pre-calibrated data for your lens, it doesn't really work later on.

Merging bracketed shots with PFScalibration

There are other tools for merging bracketed images, but PFScalibration[*] is Free Software and does the job.

The steps outlined below for assembling HDR images can also be performed with the qtpfsgui[*] GUI tool.

Calibrating the camera response curve

Generally when a digital camera creates a JPEG or TIFF file, it takes a 12bit per-channel dynamic range image captured by the CCD and compresses it using a camera response curve into a 8bit output file.

So JPEG and TIFF files need unrolling with a calibrated camera response curve so they can be mapped into the linear space of the floating-point HDR image.

If you are working with RAW images, the camera response is generally linear and doesn't need calibrating, so you can skip this step.

A quick way to derive the response curve for later use is to take a series of five bracketed JPEG shots, slightly out of focus and one stop apart. eg. 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 & 0.125 seconds exposure. First extract the exposure times from the EXIF data:

 jpeg2hdrgen *.jpg > mycamera.hdrgen

Then extract the response curve, by comparing the photos, and save it:

 pfsinhdrgen mycamera.hdrgen | pfshdrcalibrate -v -g 6 -s mycamera.response

Aligning the shots

If the pictures were taken hand-held you will need to align the stack of photos using hugin.

Alternatively the hdrprep tool can be used to do all this automatically and save a lot of time.

Merging the bracketed images to Radiance RGBE .hdr format

Create a hdrgen file listing each of your bracketed photos and their exposure times, you can base this on the mycamera.hdrgen file created earlier.

Then use this and your camera response file to create an RGBE file:

 pfsinhdrgen mypicture.hdrgen | pfshdrcalibrate -v -f mycamera.response | pfsoutrgbe mypicture.hdr

Check the output with pfsview:

 pfsinrgbe mypicture.hdr | pfsview

Stitching with hugin

The RGBE images can be loaded into hugin as per usual with a couple of caveats:

Everything may appear very dark since our images represent linear sensor data. The display of HDR images can be configured in the Hugin Preferences.

Information about the Field of View was lost, so this will need to be re-entered manually or re-optimised.

Stitch the images as per usual into a TIFF file, you can use enblend as the final step.

Post processing

This TIFF file is in floating-point 32bit per channel IEEE format. This is impossible to display on a normal monitor in its entirety at once, so you possibly want to create final 8bit per channel human-readable images.

Otherwise, typically a HDR panoramic image is used as a lightprobe for 3d rendering, in which case you are now done.

Adjusting in a GUI tool

There are various image editors that can open this file such as GIMP[*], Krita[*], vips[*] and HDRIE[*]. The capabilities vary so you need to experiment.

Alternatively, use pfstools[*] to manipulate the image: pfstools has the facility to read HDR TIFF files.

An HDR image can be viewed using pfstools using:

 pfsintiff stitch.tif | pfsview

A quick way to create a good usable 8bit per channel image is to select logarithmic mapping, adjust the exposure slider until you see a good range of shadows and highlights, zoom 1:1 and save as PNG.

Tone mapping

tone mapping operations use HDR compression[*] to compress high dynamic range images.

Note that local tone mapping operators produce strange artefacts in the zenith and nadir of equirectangular images. So either choose a global tone mapping operator or retouch the poles afterwards.

A related package to pfstools[*] called pfstmo can do automatic tone mapping of an HDR image and compress it into a low dynamic range output. There are many options and techniques available, commands look like this:

 pfsinrgbe stitch.hdr | pfstmo_drago03 | pfsgamma -g 2.2 | pfsout stitch.png

qtpfsgui[*] is an open source GUI for pfstools[*] and can perform tone mapping interactively.

Photomatix[*] also can perform tone mapping.

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HDR workflow with hugin